Civil and Environmental Engineering

University of California, Berkeley

This is an archived copy of the 2019-20 guide. To access the most recent version of the guide, please visit http://guide.berkeley.edu.

About the Program

The Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering (CEE) offers a Master of Science (MS) program, a doctoral degree (PhD) program, and a Master of Engineering (MEng) program.

CEE also offers three concurrent degree programs and two certificate programs.

Master of Science (MS) and Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

These degrees emphasize the application of the natural sciences to the analysis and solution of engineering problems. Advanced courses in mathematics, chemistry, physics, and the life sciences are normally included in a program that incorporates the engineering systems approach for analysis of problems.

Students in these degree programs select one of the following seven concentrations:

  1. Energy, Civil Infrastructure and Climate: The objective of the Energy, Civil Infrastructure and Climate (ECIC) program is to educate a cadre of professionals to analyze complex problems — such as energy efficiency of buildings, environmentally-informed design of transportation systems, embodied energy of construction materials, and electricity from renewable sources, as well as biofuels — from engineering, environmental, economic, and management perspectives. The analysis will be used to address such overarching societal problems as mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions and adaptation of infrastructure to a changing climate. ECIC also promotes research at the intersection of energy, infrastructure, and climate science.
  2. Engineering and Project Management: The Engineering and Project Management (E&PM) program educates students for leadership positions in managing infrastructure, especially construction projects, and within field, project, and corporate management. Contemporary project management practice demands that the engineering professionals not only have a mastery of engineering, including construction concepts, but also a strong background in engineering and management methods. E&PM emphasizes new technologies, developments, and techniques in both domestic and international project management and construction, as well as the interrelationships of all life-cycle components: planning, design, manufacturing, construction, operation, maintenance, and end-of-life options.
  3. Environmental Engineering: The Environmental Engineering program encompasses air quality engineering (AQE), water quality engineering (WQE), and environmental fluid mechanics and hydrology (EFMH). AQE focuses on indoor microenvironments, plume dispersion, urban and regional air pollution, as well as global changes in climate and atmospheric chemistry. There is an emphasis on environmental and public health issues related to the built environment, including energy and transportation systems. EFMH focuses on physical processes that govern air and water movement, and the associated transport of contaminants, energy, and other scalars. It takes an integrated approach to studies of the coastal ocean and estuaries, the atmospheric boundary layer, surface and subsurface water flow, land-atmosphere interactions, the management of water resource systems, climate change and variability, and contaminant transport. WQE addresses the sources, transport and treatment of chemical and microbiological contaminants that affect water. Research and coursework focus on assessment of the sources, fate and transport of contaminants and the development of natural and engineered treatment systems for chemical contaminants and human pathogens.
  4. GeoSystems (Geoengineering): GeoSystems encompasses a broad area of teaching and research in geotechnical and geological engineering, environmental geotechnics, and applied geophysics. GeoSystems' focus is on the evaluation of engineering properties of geologic materials and on providing engineering solutions for dealing with geologic environment and processes, and natural hazards. Emphasis is on the study of the mechanical behavior of soil and rock masses, laboratory and field characterization of material properties, development and application of geophysical techniques for site and subsurface characterization, development of advanced analysis methods, and evaluation of static and dynamic (seismic) performance of soil deposits, earth structures, and underground space.
  5. Structural Engineering, Mechanics, and Materials: The Structural Engineering, Mechanics, and Materials (SEMM) program consists of three emphases: (1) Structural engineering, which is concerned with the analysis and design of all types of structures, including earthquake-resistant design. (2) Structural mechanics, which employs the disciplines of applied mathematics and the engineering sciences to examine problems in the behavior of structural elements and systems, and to investigate the mathematical description of properties. (3) Structural materials engineering, which is concerned with the development of construction materials (e.g., steel, concrete, aluminum alloys, timber, plastic, and composite materials) for engineering projects, such as mechanical and thermal response, microstructure behavior, and durability.
  6. Systems (Civil Systems): The focus of the Systems Program is to understand complex large-scale systems and to develop tools for their design and operation. Such systems encompass built elements (infrastructures transportation, structures), societal systems (social networks, populations enterprises), and natural systems (land, water, air). The understanding of how such systems work requires knowledge about the constitutive laws that govern them, such as traffic flow, fluid mechanics, structural mechanics, and smart networks. It also requires an understanding of the theoretical paradigms (e.g., theories of computation and control, optimization, behavioral economics, sensor networks, statistics, and signal processing) that are used to model, control and optimize such systems.
  7. Transportation Engineering: The Transportation Engineering (TE) program is concerned with the planning, design, construction, operation, performance, evaluation, maintenance, and rehabilitation of transportation systems and facilities, such as highways, railroads, urban transit, air transportation, logistic supply systems, and their terminals. There is an emphasis on the economic and public policy aspects involved in transportation systems as well. TE stresses development of analytic, problem-solving, design, and management skills suitable for public and private sector professional work.

Students in the PhD program have the option of pursuing a designated emphasis (DE) to supplement their study.

Master of Engineering (MEng)

This professional degree emphasizes solving technical, sociological, environmental, and economic problems involved in the design, construction, and operation of engineering structures, processes, and equipment. Studies include courses in the engineering sciences necessary to the engineering interpretation of the latest scientific developments. Courses in design, operation, humanities, and economics provide a basis for the analysis and solution of problems in professional engineering.

Students in this degree program select either a concentration in Systems (Civil Systems) or Transportation Engineering (see above descriptions). There are options for either full-time or part-time enrollment.

CEE’s MEng program is offered in conjunction with the Fung Institute for Engineering Leadership.

Concurrent Degrees

The concurrent degree program is a formal arrangement of two existing, but separate, master's degree programs, which result in the students earning two master’s degrees. CEE offers the following concurrent degree programs:

  1. Structural Engineering and Architecture (MArch/MS)
  2. Transportation Engineering and City and Regional Planning (MCP/MS)
  3. Any CEE graduate program and Public Policy (MPP/MS)

For further information regarding these programs, please see the department's website.

Certificates

Certificate in Engineering and Business for Sustainability: This program is open to all Berkeley graduate students who meet the EBS Certificate course requirements. The EBS certificate program allows students to tap into multidisciplinary educational resources from the College of Engineering, Haas School of Business, Energy and Resources Group, Goldman School of Public Policy, College of Natural Resources, and the School of Public Health, to learn how to have a lasting beneficial impact on the global environment. For further information regarding this program, see the department's website.

Certificate in Intelligent Transportation Systems: Jointly sponsored by CEE, the Department of Electrical Engineering & Computer Science and Mechanical Engineering, this program is designed to assist students in studying ITS in a systematic and focused way. Faculty advisers help students design a personalized study program to meet their goals. For more information regarding this program, see the department's website.

Designated Emphasis

Berkeley Ph.D. students are eligible to pursue a Designated Emphasis as part of their doctoral studies. Common Designated Emphases for CEE doctoral students include:

A designated emphasis is a specialization, such as a new method of inquiry or an important field of application, which is relevant to two or more existing doctoral degree programs. You are required to complete the academic work in the area of specialization and all the requirements of the doctoral program. You must be admitted to the DE before taking the qualifying examination. A complete list of Designated Emphases is here.

Visit Department Website

Admissions

Admission to the University

Minimum Requirements for Admission

The following minimum requirements apply to all graduate programs and will be verified by the Graduate Division:

  1. A bachelor’s degree or recognized equivalent from an accredited institution;
  2. A grade point average of B or better (3.0);
  3. If the applicant comes from a country or political entity (e.g., Quebec) where English is not the official language, adequate proficiency in English to do graduate work, as evidenced by a TOEFL score of at least 90 on the iBT test, 570 on the paper-and-pencil test, or an IELTS Band score of at least 7 on a 9-point scale (note that individual programs may set higher levels for any of these); and
  4. Sufficient undergraduate training to do graduate work in the given field.

Applicants Who Already Hold a Graduate Degree

The Graduate Council views academic degrees not as vocational training certificates, but as evidence of broad training in research methods, independent study, and articulation of learning. Therefore, applicants who already have academic graduate degrees should be able to pursue new subject matter at an advanced level without the need to enroll in a related or similar graduate program.

Programs may consider students for an additional academic master’s or professional master’s degree only if the additional degree is in a distinctly different field.

Applicants admitted to a doctoral program that requires a master’s degree to be earned at Berkeley as a prerequisite (even though the applicant already has a master’s degree from another institution in the same or a closely allied field of study) will be permitted to undertake the second master’s degree, despite the overlap in field.

The Graduate Division will admit students for a second doctoral degree only if they meet the following guidelines:

  1. Applicants with doctoral degrees may be admitted for an additional doctoral degree only if that degree program is in a general area of knowledge distinctly different from the field in which they earned their original degree. For example, a physics PhD could be admitted to a doctoral degree program in music or history; however, a student with a doctoral degree in mathematics would not be permitted to add a PhD in statistics.
  2. Applicants who hold the PhD degree may be admitted to a professional doctorate or professional master’s degree program if there is no duplication of training involved.

Applicants may apply only to one single degree program or one concurrent degree program per admission cycle.

Required Documents for Applications

  1. Transcripts: Applicants may upload unofficial transcripts with your application for the departmental initial review. If the applicant is admitted, then official transcripts of all college-level work will be required. Official transcripts must be in sealed envelopes as issued by the school(s) attended. If you have attended Berkeley, upload your unofficial transcript with your application for the departmental initial review. If you are admitted, an official transcript with evidence of degree conferral will not be required.
  2. Letters of recommendation: Applicants may request online letters of recommendation through the online application system. Hard copies of recommendation letters must be sent directly to the program, not the Graduate Division.
  3. Evidence of English language proficiency: All applicants from countries or political entities in which the official language is not English are required to submit official evidence of English language proficiency. This applies to applicants from Bangladesh, Burma, Nepal, India, Pakistan, Latin America, the Middle East, the People’s Republic of China, Taiwan, Japan, Korea, Southeast Asia, most European countries, and Quebec (Canada). However, applicants who, at the time of application, have already completed at least one year of full-time academic course work with grades of B or better at a US university may submit an official transcript from the US university to fulfill this requirement. The following courses will not fulfill this requirement:
    • courses in English as a Second Language,
    • courses conducted in a language other than English,
    • courses that will be completed after the application is submitted, and
    • courses of a non-academic nature.

If applicants have previously been denied admission to Berkeley on the basis of their English language proficiency, they must submit new test scores that meet the current minimum from one of the standardized tests. Official TOEFL score reports must be sent directly from Educational Test Services (ETS). The institution code for Berkeley is 4833. Official IELTS score reports must be mailed directly to our office from the British Council. TOEFL and IELTS score reports are only valid for two years.

Where to Apply

Visit the Berkeley Graduate Division application page

Admission to the Program

In addition to the the above University requirements, CEE has minimum graduate admission requirements, listed below.  **Note: These are minimum requirements and may not be competitive.

  • Sufficient undergraduate education for graduate work in your chosen field.
  • Score of the general Graduate Record Examination (GRE) taken during the past five years. CEE does not require a GRE subject test but the General GRE Test is required. Both the "Old" GRE and the "Revised" GRE are accepted.
  • If you are pursuing a PhD, a Master’s of Science degree from an accredited university and a minimum GPA of 3.5, OR  apply to the MS degree and add the PhD during the first year of the MS program.  Direct to PhD admissions is approved on an exception basis.
  • In addition, each of the 7 CEE programs has its own admissions prerequisite requirements (see below).

Energy, Civil Infrastructure, and Climate

Prerequisites
  • 1 year of college-level calculus
  • 1 semester probability and statistics
  • 1 semester elementary linear algebra

Engineering and Project Management

Prerequisites
  • 1 year college-level calculus
  • 1 year college-level physical science (e.g., PHYSICS 7A and PHYSICS 7B)
  • 1 semester probability and statistics
  • 1 semester elementary linear algebra

Environmental Engineering

Prerequisites

Minimum requirements for entry into the Environmental Engineering program consist of:

  • Math: equivalent of 2 years, including calculus, linear algebra and differential equations
  • Science: 1 semester of physics, 2 additional semesters of science (physics, chemistry, biology)

Additionally, it is strongly recommended that applicants have:

  • Experience with Matlab or other high-level programming language
  • Physics and/or chemistry coursework beyond the minimum listed above

The Environmental Engineering program also considers the following courses to be additional prerequisites of the program. These undergraduate courses can be taken during a student’s graduate study, but if they are, the courses would not count towards the graduate degree: Elementary Fluid Mechanics (CIV ENG 100), Environmental Engineering (CIV ENG 111), Introduction to Hydrology (CIV ENG 103) and Water Chemistry (CIV ENG 115). Either Introduction to Hydrology OR Water Chemistry may be taken as part of the graduate study.

Note: applications from non-engineering students are strengthened if engineering classes, particularly those considered prerequisite to the program, have already been taken at the time of application.

GeoSystems (Geoengineering)

Prerequisites
  • Math: equivalent of 2 years, including calculus, linear algebra and differential equations
  • Science: 1 semester of physics, 1 semester of chemistry
  • Introduction to Solid Mechanics (e.g., CIV ENG C30)
  • Engineering Geology (e.g., CIV ENG 70)
  • Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering (e.g., CIV ENG 175)

Structural Engineering, Mechanics and Materials

Prerequisites

Systems (Civil Systems)

Prerequisites
  • 1.5 years college-level calculus
  • 1 year college-level physical science (e.g., PHYSICS 7A/PHYSICS 7B)
  • 1 semester probability and statistics 
  • 1 semester elementary linear algebra
  • A GPA for the junior/senior years of at least 3.25

Transportation Engineering

Prerequisites
  • 1 year college-level calculus
  • 1 year college-level physical science (e.g., PHYSICS 7A/PHYSICS 7B)
  • 1 semester probability and statistics (See Statistics/linear algebra diagnostic below.)
  • 1 semester elementary linear algebra

Transportation Engineering requires strong analytical and quantitative preparation, but an engineering degree is not necessary. Applicants must be fluent with quantitative concepts of the above courses. Deficiencies in preparation must be remedied by additional work that may not count toward the degree. Students should discuss their preparation with their faculty adviser.

Statistics/linear algebra diagnostic: Incoming Transportation Engineering students, including transfers from within Berkeley, must take a diagnostic test at the beginning of their first semester in the program to see if their linear algebra, and probability and statistics preparation is adequate, i.e., on a level similar to CIV ENG 93. Consisting of 4 or 5 problems, the diagnostic test does not emphasize memorization. Rather, it tests whether students are capable of applying linear algebra and statistical concepts to solve simple transportation problems. If students do not solve most of the problems easily, or do not take the test, they must enroll in CIV ENG 262 during their first semester. This requirement cannot be put off to a later time.

Lack of linear algebra knowledge may be remedied by working through a suitable book, such as the Schaum's Outline Series.

See Example Statistics Diagnostic for First Year TE Grad Students

Doctoral Degree Requirements

Curriculum

The doctoral program is research-based and is not solely based on the curricula below. All doctoral students are expected to fulfill a major and two minors which total a minimum of 30 units or its equivalent, not including CIV ENG 298,  CIV ENG 299, CIV ENG 301, or CIV ENG 602. Each PhD student must have a graduate adviser to provide general academic guidance, and a research adviser to supervise the student's dissertation and to assist in identifying funding paths. A minimum 3.5 GPA is required in major course work and a 3.0 in minor course work. Students must have a master's degree from an accredited institution or earn the master's and then continue on for the PhD. An approved program of study is required, a tentative program upon entrance into the PhD and a final program of study before the qualifying examination. During the first or second year, a prequalifying examination is required. The qualifying examination is taken during the third year. For detailed information, see the department website. All first time graduate student instructors (GSIs) must take during the first semester of teaching a teaching pedagogy course, CIV ENG 301, attend the first time GSI conference the week before the start of the semester, and take an online ethics course prior to the third week of the semester.

Energy, Civil Infrastructure and Climate Concentration (ECIC)

The major core courses are listed below (10 units). In addition to the major courses, an ECIC doctoral student must take at least 15 units of elective courses from each of the following core areas (maximum 6 units in any one area): Environment Science & Engineering, Civil Infrastructure, and Economics & Policy. 9 units are required in each of the two minor fields (one minor may be within the CEE).  

CIV ENG 107Climate Change Mitigation3
CIV ENG 268ECivil Systems and the Environment3
CIV ENG 292ATechnologies for Sustainable Societies1
CIV ENG 295Data Science for Energy3

Engineering and Project Management Concentration (EPM)

18 units in EPM are required from the courses below, related to the thesis, along with two approved, complementary minor fields, one comprised of courses outside CEE. The minor typically consists of 8 units from two or three graduate or advanced undergraduate level courses.

CIV ENG 268ALean Construction Concepts and Methods3
CIV ENG 268BLean Construction and Supply Chain Management3
CIV ENG 268DLaw for Engineers3
CIV ENG 268ECivil Systems and the Environment3
CIV ENG 268HAdvanced Project Planning and Control3
CIV ENG 268IBusiness Fundamentals for Engineers3
CIV ENG 292ATechnologies for Sustainable Societies1

Environmental Engineering Concentration (ENV)

For the major field, a minimum of 12 approved units from the list below, or its equivalent. Two minors, minimum 6 units each, for a total of 12 minor units, with at least one minor outside of CEE and 30 units in total.  No Env courses may count towards a minor.

CIV ENG 200AEnvironmental Fluid Mechanics I3
CIV ENG 200BEnvironmental Fluid Mechanics II3
CIV ENG 200CTransport and Mixing in the Environment3
CIV ENG 202AVadose Zone Hydrology3
CIV ENG 203NSurface Water Hydrology3
CIV ENG 205BMargins of Quality for Engineered Systems3
CIV ENG 209Design for Sustainable Communities3
CIV ENG 210Control of Water-Related Pathogens3
CIV ENG 211AEnvironmental Physical-Chemical Processes3
CIV ENG 211BEnvironmental Biological Processes3
CIV ENG 213Watersheds and Water Quality3
CIV ENG 217Environmental Chemical Kinetics3
CIV ENG 218AAir Quality Engineering3
CIV ENG 218BAtmospheric Aerosols3
CIV ENG 218CAir Pollution Modeling3

GeoSystems Concentration (GEO)

A study list tailored to the student’s research interests must be approved by the faculty adviser. The major field consists of 18 units of graduate CEE courses focusing on a GeoSystems area of research. The two minor fields of 8 units each, one of which consists of courses outside CEE, support the dissertation topic. Minimum 30 units overall. Possible courses include:

CIV ENG 270Advanced Geomechanics3
CIV ENG 271Sensors and Signal Interpretation3
CIV ENG 272Numerical Modelling in Geomechanics3
CIV ENG 273Advanced GeoEngineering Testing and Design3
CIV ENG 275Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering3
CIV ENG C276Seismic Hazard Analysis and Design Ground Motions3
CIV ENG 277Advanced Foundation Engineering3
CIV ENG 281Engineering Geology3
CIV ENG 285CSeismic Methods in Applied Geophysics3
CIV ENG 286Digital Data Processing3
CIV ENG 290JAdvanced Topics in Geotechnical Engineering3

Structural Engineering, Mechanics & Materials Concentration (SEMM)

Out of a minimum of 33 units in the program of study, 21 units of SEMM courses for the major field are required. At least 15 units must be the graduate, 200-level, SEMM courses. For the two minors, one should address the student's technical base and research background and include two graduate-level courses.  One minor must be in mathematics or statistics in one of these areas: traditional mathematics, modern mathematics, numerical analysis, or statistics.  If a minor in computer science is chosen, it should cover one of the following areas: databases, computer graphics, software engineering, or artificial intelligence. See program website for minor course lists. 

Students studying Structural Materials have different requirements. Please see program website for further details. For Materials, one minor may be in SEMM and the second outside of CEE. The materials student's program of study is subject to the approval of the Vice Chair for Academic Affairs.

CIV ENG 220NNonlinear Structural Analysis3
CIV ENG 222Finite Element Methods3
CIV ENG 225Dynamics of Structures3
CIV ENG 227Earthquake-Resistant Design3
CIV ENG 228Advanced Earthquake Analysis3
CIV ENG C231Mechanics of Solids3
CIV ENG 232Structural Mechanics3
CIV ENG 233Computational Mechanics3
CIV ENG 234Computational Inelasticity3
CIV ENG C236Micromechanics3
CIV ENG C237Computational Nano-mechanics3
CIV ENG 240Civil Engineering Materials3
CIV ENG 241Concrete Technology3
CIV ENG 244Reinforced Concrete Structures3
CIV ENG 245Behavior of Reinforced Concrete3
CIV ENG 246Prestressed Concrete Structures3
CIV ENG 247Design of Steel and Composite Structures3
CIV ENG 248Behavior and Plastic Design of Steel Structures3
CIV ENG 249Experimental Methods in Structural Engineering3

Systems Engineering Concentration (SYS)

Systems requires at least 17 units (excluding research) in the major, 3 of which may be upper division undergraduate units. For the two minor fields, only one can be in CEE. Each minor is a group of three upper division and/or graduate courses.  Program of study must total at least 33 units.

CIV ENG 263NScalable Spatial Analytics3
CIV ENG 264Behavioral Modeling for Engineering, Planning, and Policy Analysis3
CIV ENG 271Sensors and Signal Interpretation3
CIV ENG 290ICivil Systems: Control and Information Management3
CIV ENG 295Data Science for Energy3
CIV ENG C291FControl and Optimization of Distributed Parameters Systems3

Transportation Engineering Concentration (TE)

A broad range of courses in addition to the core courses (below) are required. Also required are two minors, one outside the department, selected in consultation with an adviser.  A total of 30 units minimum comprise a program of study. See the department website for more details. 

CIV ENG C250NTransportation Policy and Planning3
CIV ENG 251Operation of Transportation Facilities3
CIV ENG 252Systems Analysis in Transportation3
CIV ENG 262Analysis of Transportation Data (or equivalent, such as Stat 134/135)3

Master's Degree Requirements (MS)

Curriculum

Each program has two options for the MS degree: Plan I is a thesis option, usually two years in duration, with a minimum of 20 units of course work plus research, and Plan II is a 9-month plan, including a comprehensive exam or project (paper) with at least 24 units of course work. No more than 4 units of research (CIV ENG 299) may count towards the overall units required. These courses may not count towards the total units of the degree:  CIV ENG 297, CIV ENG 298, CIV ENG 301, CIV ENG 601, CIV ENG 602. A minimum of 12 units must be taken per semester.  See the department website for detailed and current degree program information.

Energy, Civil Infrastructure & Climate Concentration (ECIC)

Thesis option: the core courses below, minimum 3 units of research (CIV ENG 299), plus at least 6 units from courses in the three core areas, Environmental Science and Engineering, Civil Infrastructure, and Economics and Policy, but no more than 3 units in any one area. A thesis signed by three committee members, one preferably outside the department, is also required.

Comprehensive Exam option: the core courses below plus 9 units from courses in the three core areas of Environmental Science and Engineering, Civil Infrastructure, and Economics and Policy, but no more than 6 units in any one area. Must include 12 graduate-level units in CEE. The written comprehensive examination will take place at the end of the spring semester.

Required Courses
CIV ENG 107Climate Change Mitigation3
CIV ENG 268ECivil Systems and the Environment3
CIV ENG 292ATechnologies for Sustainable Societies1
CIV ENG 295Data Science for Energy3

Engineering & Project Management Concentration (EPM)

Thesis option: at least 8 units from the list below, not including Civ Eng 298. Remaining courses, minimum 12 units, comes from courses approved by the faculty adviser. No more than 4 units of CE 299 may count. A thesis with a three-person committee is required with two CEE members, at least one from EPM.

Comprehensive Exam option: 12 units from the list below are required, not including Civ Eng 298, and 12 units from a course list approved by the faculty adviser. No more than 4 units of CE 299 may count. A written comprehensive examination is required in the spring.

Required Courses
CIV ENG 268ALean Construction Concepts and Methods3
CIV ENG 268BLean Construction and Supply Chain Management3
CIV ENG 268DLaw for Engineers3
CIV ENG 268ECivil Systems and the Environment3
CIV ENG 268HAdvanced Project Planning and Control3
CIV ENG 268IBusiness Fundamentals for Engineers3
CIV ENG 298Group Studies, Seminars, or Group Research1-6

Environmental Engineering Concentration (ENV)

Thesis option: Minimum 20 units with 8 units of graduate-level courses in the major with no more than 4 units of CIV ENG 299. Individualized study list must be approved by advisor and a thesis approved by a committee of three, including two environmental faculty and preferably one member outside CEE.

Comprehensive Exam option: Minimum 24 units with 12 units of graduate-level courses in the major with no more than 4 units of CIV ENG 299. Individualized study list plus three courses from following (must be from different areas) as well as a written comprehensive exam in fall or spring.

Required Courses (one from each of the areas below)
CIV ENG 200AEnvironmental Fluid Mechanics I3
CIV ENG 218AAir Quality Engineering3
Environmental Fluid Mechanics and Hydrology (EFMH) course:
CIV ENG 202AVadose Zone Hydrology3
CIV ENG 203NSurface Water Hydrology3
Water Quality Engineering (WQE) course:
CIV ENG 211AEnvironmental Physical-Chemical Processes3
CIV ENG 211BEnvironmental Biological Processes3

GeoSystems Engineering Concentration (GEO)

Thesis option: 20 units with 9 in approved graduate courses and the remaining 11 units from a list approved by the faculty adviser. The remaining units may be CIV ENG 299 research units. Minimum 12 units per semester.

Comprehensive option: 24 units with 12 units in approved graduate courses. A written report from at least 3 units of CIV ENG 299 or a capstone project from CIV ENG 273 is required.

Approved Graduate Courses
CIV ENG 270Advanced Geomechanics3
CIV ENG 271Sensors and Signal Interpretation3
CIV ENG 272Numerical Modelling in Geomechanics3
CIV ENG 273Advanced GeoEngineering Testing and Design3
CIV ENG 275Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering3
CIV ENG C276Seismic Hazard Analysis and Design Ground Motions3
CIV ENG 277Advanced Foundation Engineering3
CIV ENG 281Engineering Geology3
CIV ENG 285CSeismic Methods in Applied Geophysics3
CIV ENG 286Digital Data Processing3
CIV ENG 290JAdvanced Topics in Geotechnical Engineering3

Structural Engineering, Mechanics & Materials Concentration (SEMM)

Thesis option: at least 8 units from the list below. Remaining courses, minimum 12 units, must be approved by the faculty adviser. No more than 4 units of CIV ENG 299 may count. A thesis with a three-person committee is required with two CEE members.

Comprehensive Project/Exam option: 14 units of graduate-level SEMM courses are required. Remaining courses, a minimum of 10 units, must be approved by the faculty adviser. No more than 4 units of CIV ENG 299 may count. A written comprehensive examination, or report approved by two faculty, is required in the spring.

Approved Graduate Courses
CIV ENG 220NNonlinear Structural Analysis3
CIV ENG 222Finite Element Methods3
CIV ENG 223Earthquake Protective Systems3
CIV ENG 225Dynamics of Structures3
CIV ENG 226Stochastic Structural Dynamics3
CIV ENG 227Earthquake-Resistant Design3
CIV ENG 228Advanced Earthquake Analysis3
CIV ENG 229Structural System Reliability3
CIV ENG C231Mechanics of Solids3
CIV ENG 232Structural Mechanics3
CIV ENG 233Computational Mechanics3
CIV ENG 234Computational Inelasticity3
CIV ENG C235Introduction to Statistical Mechanics for Engineers3
CIV ENG C236Micromechanics3
CIV ENG C237Computational Nano-mechanics3
CIV ENG 240Civil Engineering Materials3
CIV ENG 241Concrete Technology3
CIV ENG 244Reinforced Concrete Structures3
CIV ENG 245Behavior of Reinforced Concrete3
CIV ENG 246Prestressed Concrete Structures3
CIV ENG 247Design of Steel and Composite Structures3
CIV ENG 248Behavior and Plastic Design of Steel Structures3
CIV ENG 249Experimental Methods in Structural Engineering3

Systems Engineering Concentration (SYS)

Thesis option: Minimum 21 units comprised of four of the courses below, 3 units of research (CIV ENG 299), and electives selected in conjunction with the Systems' graduate adviser. For the thesis committee, one adviser must be from the Systems faculty, a second from the department, and a third preferably from outside the department.

Comprehensive Report option: Minimum 24 units and a capstone report. Students take four of the Systems courses listed below. Additionally, the student takes four elective courses making up a coherent subject specialization chosen with approval of the systems graduate adviser. A capstone report is completed in one of the Systems core courses.

Approved Graduate Courses
CIV ENG 263NScalable Spatial Analytics3
CIV ENG 264Behavioral Modeling for Engineering, Planning, and Policy Analysis3
CIV ENG 271Sensors and Signal Interpretation3
CIV ENG 290ICivil Systems: Control and Information Management3
CIV ENG C291FControl and Optimization of Distributed Parameters Systems3
CIV ENG 295Data Science for Energy3

Transportation Engineering Concentration (TE)

Thesis option: Minimum 8 units of the required 20 must be graduate transportation courses; 2 units may be in CE 299, individual study. The remaining 12 units (made up of undergraduate and graduate courses) can include 2 more units of CE 299.

Comprehensive exam option: 12 units of the required 24 must be in graduate transportation courses; 2 units may be in CE 299, individual study. The remaining 12 units (made up of undergraduate and graduate courses) can include 2 more units of CE 299. The comprehensive exam is at the end of the semester that all requirements are completed.

To assure sufficient breadth and depth, students are required to take, in addition to the fundamentals, courses in the following areas:

  • Transportation Engineering students: take one course in each area of Policy, Modal, and Analysis
  • Transportation Systems students: take one course in each area of Modal, Analysis, and Systems
  • Joint MS/MCP (City and Regional Planning): take a total of three courses in both Modal and Analysis

No course can count in more than one area.

Required Courses
Fundamentals (all are required):
CIV ENG 251Operation of Transportation Facilities3
CIV ENG 252Systems Analysis in Transportation3
CIV ENG 262Analysis of Transportation Data3
Policy area:
CIV ENG C250NTransportation Policy and Planning3
CIV ENG 256Transportation Sustainability3
Modal area:
CIV ENG 153Transportation Facility Design3
CIV ENG 253Intelligent Transportation Systems3
CIV ENG 255Highway Traffic Operations3
CIV ENG 259Public Transportation Systems3
CIV ENG 260Air Transportation3
Analysis area:
CIV ENG 254Transportation Economics3
CIV ENG 258Logistics3
CIV ENG 261Infrastructure Systems Management3
CIV ENG 263Course Not Available3
CIV ENG 264Behavioral Modeling for Engineering, Planning, and Policy Analysis3
CIV ENG 290ICivil Systems: Control and Information Management3
CIV ENG C291FControl and Optimization of Distributed Parameters Systems3
Systems area:
CIV ENG 271Sensors and Signal Interpretation3
CIV ENG 290ICivil Systems: Control and Information Management3
EL ENG C291/CIV ENG C291FControl and Optimization of Distributed Parameters Systems3

Master's Degree Requirements (MEng)

Curriculum

This professional degree emphasizes solving technical, sociological, environmental, and economic problems involved in the design, construction, and operation of engineering structures, processes, and equipment. The curriculum is comprised of 12 units of technical courses and 13 units of professionally-oriented leadership courses taught in conjunction with the Fung Institute. A capstone project approved by two faculty members, one from the home program, is required at the end of the spring semester. Both concentrations offer full and part-time options. You can find information about these and other programs on the Fung Institute website which includes details on part-time/full time enrollment, curriculum models, and possible career paths of graduates.

Students must have a BS degree in an accredited engineering curricula or satisfy the equivalent of a BS degree in engineering as determined by the department. See program requirements.

Systems Engineering Concentration (Large Cyber-Physical Systems)

This program prepares a student to use computational innovations for sensor networks, cloud computing, behavioral science, mobile communications and distributed parameter control to create entrepreneurial solutions for industries such as transportation, water, or energy. 

Required Courses
Core Technical Courses (12 units) choose 4 courses:
CIV ENG 263NScalable Spatial Analytics3
CIV ENG 264Behavioral Modeling for Engineering, Planning, and Policy Analysis3
CIV ENG 271Sensors and Signal Interpretation3
CIV ENG 290ICivil Systems: Control and Information Management3
CIV ENG C291FControl and Optimization of Distributed Parameters Systems3
CIV ENG 295Data Science for Energy3
Core Leadership courses:
ENGIN 270AOrganizational Behavior for Engineers1
ENGIN 270BR&D Technology Management & Ethics1
ENGIN 270CTeaming & Project Management1
ENGIN 270DEntrepreneurship for Engineers1
ENGIN 270GMarketing & Product Management1
ENGIN 270HAccounting & Finance for Engineers1
ENGIN 270IDigital Platform Strategy for Engineering Leaders1
ENGIN 270JIndustry Analysis for Engineering Leaders1
ENGIN 295Communications for Engineering Leaders1
ENGIN 296MAMaster of Engineering Capstone Project2
ENGIN 296MBMaster of Engineering Capstone Project3

Transportation Engineering Concentration (Intelligent Transportation Systems)

Expanded surveillance, communication and computing technologies are enabling unprecedented opportunities for developing and deploying innovation that benefit managers, service providers, and system users.

Required Courses
Core Technical courses (both required):
CIV ENG 251Operation of Transportation Facilities3
CIV ENG 252Systems Analysis in Transportation3
And two courses (6 units) from the following:6
CIV ENG 253Intelligent Transportation Systems3
CIV ENG 255Highway Traffic Operations3
CIV ENG 259Public Transportation Systems3
CIV ENG 260Air Transportation3
CIV ENG 264Behavioral Modeling for Engineering, Planning, and Policy Analysis3
Core Leadership courses:
ENGIN 270AOrganizational Behavior for Engineers1
ENGIN 270BR&D Technology Management & Ethics1
ENGIN 270CTeaming & Project Management1
ENGIN 270DEntrepreneurship for Engineers1
ENGIN 270GMarketing & Product Management1
ENGIN 270HAccounting & Finance for Engineers1
ENGIN 270IDigital Platform Strategy for Engineering Leaders1
ENGIN 270JIndustry Analysis for Engineering Leaders1
ENGIN 295Communications for Engineering Leaders1
ENGIN 296MAMaster of Engineering Capstone Project2
ENGIN 296MBMaster of Engineering Capstone Project3

Courses

Civil and Environmental Engineering

Faculty and Instructors

+ Indicates this faculty member is the recipient of the Distinguished Teaching Award.

Faculty

Norman Abrahamson, Adjunct Professor. Civil and environmental engineering, earthquake ground motions, spectral attenuation relations .
Research Profile

Lisa Alvarez-Cohen, Professor. Environmental microbiology, biodegradation of environmental contaminants, microbial carbon cycling, molecular tools for microbial ecology, metagenomics, biological hazardous waste treatment, bioremediation of groundwater pollutants such as PCE, TCE, DCE, VC, TCA, DCA, MTBE, BTEX, PBDEs, NDMA, Dioxane, PFOS, PFOA, fire-fighting foams.
Research Profile

Francisco Armero, Professor. Computational mechanics, nonlinear continuum mechanics.
Research Profile

Roger Bales, Adjunct Professor. Hydrology, water resources, climate, earth science, environmental engineering .
Research Profile

Alexandre M. Bayen, Professor. Transportation, modelling and control of distributed parameters systems, large scale infrastructure systems, water distribution.
Research Profile

Tracy Becker, Assistant Professor. Structural dynamics and design, earthquake engineering, isolation and other high performance systems, use of novel materials in design.
Research Profile

Jonathan D. Bray, Professor. Earthquake engineering, geotechnical engineering, physical and numerical modeling, environmental geotechnics.
Research Profile

Michael J. Cassidy, Professor. Traffic and transportation operations, traffic control.
Research Profile

Fotini Katopodes Chow, Professor. Environmental fluid mechanics, large-eddy simulation, turbulence modeling, atmospheric boundary layer flow, flow over complex terrain, urban dispersion modeling, coupled land-atmosphere modeling, wind energy applications .
Research Profile

Carlos F. Daganzo, Professor. Logistics, networks, urban transportation, traffic flow .
Research Profile

Mathew De Jong, Assistant Professor. Structural Engineering, Mechanics and Materials.
Research Profile

Filip C. Filippou, Professor. Nonlinear analysis of structures, finite element analysis, seismic response simulation, seismic evaluation of structures by computer analysis .
Research Profile

Ashok Gadgil, Professor. Fuel-efficient stoves, indoor air quality, energy efficiency, developing countries, drinking water, buildings energy efficiency .
Research Profile

Steven D. Glaser, Professor. Wireless sensor networks, ecological monitoring, rock mechanics, geophysics, nano-seismology .
Research Profile

Allen Goldstein, Professor. Global change, air pollution, environmental science, biogeochemistry, atmospheric chemistry .
Research Profile

Marta Gonzalez, Associate Professor.
Research Profile

Sanjay Govindjee, Professor. Finite element analysis, Theoretical and computational solid mechanics, constitutive theory, micromechanics, polymer mechanics, elastomer modeling, thermomechanics, continuum mechanics, failure analysis .
Research Profile

Mark Hansen, Professor. Transportation economics, policy and planning, air transportation, public transportation .
Research Profile

Robert Harley, Professor. Air pollution, atmospheric chemistry, motor vehicle emissions, ozone, sustainable transportation, air quality, emission inventory, photochemical air quality modeling, gasoline, diesel .
Research Profile

Slav W. Hermanowicz, Professor. Water quality management, biofilms, membrane processes, water reuse, biological processes for water quality, physical sustainability .
Research Profile

Arpad Horvath, Professor. Life cycle assessment, LCA, sustainability, green design, transportation, water, construction, biofuels, energy, environmental management, infrastructure systems .
Research Profile

C. William Ibbs, Professor. Strategic trends, strategic planning, construction industry, project control, management systems, construction disputes, management of engineering and contruction projects, labor productivity, construction accounting and project finance .
Research Profile

Adib Kanafani, Professor. Transportation economics, air transportation, transportation planning, transportation systems analysis, aviation policy and planning, urban and regional planning .
Research Profile

Robert Kayen, Adjunct Professor. GeoSystems.
Research Profile

Thomas W. Kirchstetter, Adjunct Professor. Air pollution .
Research Profile

Dimitrios Konstantinidis, Assistant Professor. Structural dynamics, earthquake engineering, nonstructural components, seismic isolation, passive control.
Research Profile

Laurel Larsen, Associate Professor. Hydroecology, landscape dynamics, complex environmental systems, environmental restoration.

Shaofan Li, Professor. Structural mechanics, computational mechanics and computational physics, finite element methods and meshfree particle methods, atomistic simulation and multiscale simulations, nonlinear continuum mechanics, soft matter mechanics, wave propagations, Modeling and simulation of material failures, Nano-mechanics, bio-mechanics and bio-physics, Cellular mechanics, micromechanics & composite materials .
Research Profile

Baoxia Mi, Associate Professor. Membrane separation, transport and interfacial phenomena, physicochemical processes, drinking water purification and wastewater reuse, desalination, environmental nanotechnology, and innovative applications of membrane technology to renewable energy generation, public health protection, and_hygiene and sanitation improvement for underdeveloped and disaster-ridden regions .
Research Profile

Jack P. Moehle, Professor. Earthquake engineering, structural engineering, reinforced concrete, performance-based earthquake engineering, high-rise buildings, lifeline systems, rehabilitation (retrofitting), laboratory testing .
Research Profile

Paulo J.M. Monteiro, Professor. Concrete behavior, structural materials .
Research Profile

Khalid M. Mosalam, Professor. Earthquake engineering, concrete and masonry structures, fracture mechanics, damage mechanics .
Research Profile

Scott Moura, Associate Professor. Optimal control, PDE control, estimation, adaptive control, dynamic system modeling, energy management, battery management systems, vehicle-to-grid, smart grid .
Research Profile

Kara L. Nelson, Professor. Water and wastewater treatment, water reuse, detection and inactivation of pathogens in water and sludge, appropriate technologies .
Research Profile

Claudia P. Ostertag, Professor. Fiber reinforced concrete, mechanical behavior, toughening mechanisms .
Research Profile

James W. Rector, Professor. Geophysics, Oil and Gas, Unconventional Shale Gas Reservoirs, Horizontal Drilling, Fracking, Near Surface Seismology, Tunnel Detection, Treasure Hunting, and Geophysical Archaeology, Borehole Seismology .
Research Profile

Michael Riemer, Adjunct Professor. Static evaluation, dynamic evaluation of soil properties, constitutive behavior of sands, liquefaction of unusual soils .
Research Profile

Yoram N. Rubin, Professor. Risk assessment, hydrogeology, contaminant transport, geostatistics .
Research Profile

David L. Sedlak, Professor. Fate and transport of and transformation of chemicals in the aquatic environment, water reuse and water recycling, urban water infrastructure, engineered treatment wetlands .
Research Profile

Raja Sengupta, Professor. Transportation, wireless communications, inertial navigation for vehicle systems .
Research Profile

Susan Shaheen, Professor In-Residence. Policy analysis, behavioral research, transportation, energy/environment, mobility and sharing economy, ITS (smartphone apps, automated vehicles), alternative fuels, and mobility for special populations (accessibility) .
Research Profile

Zuo-Jun Max Shen, Professor. Logistics, supply chain design and management, inventory management, auction mechanism design .
Research Profile

Nicholas Sitar, Professor. Geotechnical earthquake engineering, wireless sensors, seismic slope stability, seismic earth pressure, rock erosion, groundwater remediation .
Research Profile

Alexander Skabardonis, Professor In-Residence. Transportation, traffic engineering, traffic control systems, traffic management, the environment .
Research Profile

Kenichi Soga, Professor. Infrastructure sensing and geomechanics for energy and sustainability .
Research Profile

Mark Stacey, Professor. Environmental fluid mechanics, transport and mixing in stratified flows, dynamics of estuaries, lakes and the coastal ocean, interdisciplinary applications of environmental fluid mechanics .
Research Profile

Robert L. Taylor, Professor. Computational mechanics, mechanics of solids, finite element methods, finite element software .
Research Profile

Sally Thompson, Associate Adjunct Professor. Nonlinear dynamics, spatial ecology, Ecohydrology, surface hydrology, arid and semi-arid watersheds and ecosystems, pattern formation, plant physiology, water resource sustainability .
Research Profile

Iris D. Tommelein, Professor. Lean construction, lean production, design management, sustainability, supply-chain management, life-cycle engineering, civil infrastructure systems, adaptive project leadership, megaproject delivery, construction process engineering, integrated project delivery IPD, building information modeling BIM, virtual design and construction VDC .
Research Profile

Evan A. Variano, Associate Professor. Fluid mechanics, turbulence, wetlands, imaging, plankton, sediment transport .
Research Profile

Joan Walker, Professor. Behavioral modeling, with an expertise in discrete choice analysis and travel behavior .
Research Profile

Affiliated Faculty

Paolo D'Odorico, Professor. Ecohydrology, Surface Hydrology, Ecosystem Ecology, Aeolian Processes, Desertification, Stochastic, Nonlinear Environmental Dynamics, Water and Food Security.
Research Profile

Paul Waddell, Professor. UrbanSim, land use models, transportation models, urban sustainability.
Research Profile

Lecturers

Jasenka Rakas, Continuing Lecturer. Availability and reliability of communications, navigation and surveillance systems, airport systems planning and design, airport and airspace capacity and delay analysis, systems modeling and performance analysis, National Airspace System (NAS) infrastructure performance and investment analysis, air traffic flow management, cost/benefit analysis, simulation modeling and analysis, human factors and cognitive psychology .
Research Profile

Ronald Shumway, Continuing Lecturer. Legal Resolution of Construction-Related Disputes.
Research Profile

Emeritus Faculty

James M. Anderson, Professor Emeritus. Detection of faultline movements, modern surveying techniques, image processing applications, photogrammetry.
Research Profile

Abolhassan Astaneh-Asl, Professor Emeritus. Structural engineering, bridges, buildings, eathquake engineering, collapse of structures, Steel structures, welds, bolts, protection of buildings and bridges against terrorist attacks, self anchored suspension Bay Bridge, fatigue and fracture of structures, failure analysis, gusset plates, base plates, seismic design, ethics in engineering, registered professional engineer, long span bridges, skyscrapers, World Trade Center collapse studies.
Research Profile

Robert G. Bea, Professor Emeritus. Risk management, risk assessment, reliability, human and organizational factors, quality assurance, quality control, design, construction, maintenance, operations, decommissioning, ocean engineered systems.
Research Profile

Alex Becker, Professor Emeritus. Civil and environmental engineering, geoengineering, airborne electromagnetic sensing systems, detection and classification of buried metallic objects, high frequency impedance measurements for non-invasive permittivity determination.
Research Profile

Jack G. Bouwkamp, Professor Emeritus.

+ Anil K. Chopra, Professor Emeritus. Earthquake engineering, structural dynamics.
Research Profile

George A. Cooper, Professor Emeritus. Novel drilling methods, drill bit design, borehole stability, cryogenic drilling, diamond tooth wear, electro-osmosis to reduce bit balling .
Research Profile

Keith C. Crandall, Professor Emeritus. Construction engineering.
Research Profile

Armen Der Kiureghian, Professor Emeritus. Risk analysis, earthquake engineering, structural reliability, random vibrations .
Research Profile

John A. Dracup, Professor Emeritus. Hydroclimatology, water resources systems, surface water hydrology .
Research Profile

Mostafa Foda, Professor Emeritus. Continental shelf water dynamics, seabed mechanics .
Research Profile

Richard E. Goodman, Professor Emeritus. Rock mechanics, characterization and analysis of discontinuous rocks .
Research Profile

Alexander J. Horne, Professor Emeritus. Water pollution, behavior of pollutants in an aqueous environment .
Research Profile

David Jenkins, Professor Emeritus. Biological wastewater treatment, water chemistry, wastewater chemistry .
Research Profile

James M. Kelly, Professor Emeritus. Seismic response of structures, seismic-resistant design .
Research Profile

Jacob Lubliner, Professor Emeritus. Plasticity, viscoelasticity .
Research Profile

Samer M. Madanat, Professor Emeritus. Transportation systems analysis, transportation infrastructure management, transportation sustainability .
Research Profile

Adolf D. May, Professor Emeritus. Operations, control systems, simulation modeling, detector systems, capacity Analysis, HOV Systems .
Research Profile

Povindar K. Mehta, Professor Emeritus. Admixtures, aggregates, cements, composite materials, concrete, industrial waste management and waste reuse .
Research Profile

James K. Mitchell, Professor Emeritus.

Carl L. Monismith, Professor Emeritus. Pavement design, pavement rehabilitation, asphalt paving technology, transportation facilities design .
Research Profile

H. Frank Morrison, Professor Emeritus. Applied geophysics, electromagnetic methods, electrical properties of rocks, soils, field surveys and interpretation .
Research Profile

William W Nazaroff, Professor Emeritus. Indoor air quality, pollutant-surface interactions, transport/mixing phenomena, aerosols, semivolatile organic compounds, bioaerosol dynamics, environmental tobacco smoke, source characterization, control techniques, exposure analysis .
Research Profile

+ Juan M. Pestana, Professor Emeritus. Geotechnical engineering, environmental geotechnics, constitutive modeling of soil behavior, soil properties, numerical modeling of soil-structure interaction, geotechnical earthquake engineering .
Research Profile

Karl S. Pister, Professor Emeritus. Technology, K-12 math and science education, technological literacy, society .
Research Profile

Graham H. Powell, Professor Emeritus. Bridges, earthquake engineering, computing, buidings .
Research Profile

+ Raymond B. Seed, Professor Emeritus. Geotechnical earthquake engineering, soil/structure interaction, slope stability, performance of dams, waste fills.
Research Profile

Hsieh Wen Shen, Professor Emeritus. Fluvial hydraulics, environmental river mechanics, basic sediment transport .
Research Profile

Rodney J. Sobey, Professor Emeritus. Civil and environmental engineering, coastal hydrodynamics, estuaries and wetlands, wave theory, hydrodynamic circulation in the coastal-zone, transient response modes of water bodies .
Research Profile

Garrison Sposito, Professor Emeritus.

Jerome F. Thomas, Professor Emeritus. Water, applied chemistry: air, corrosion .
Research Profile

Martin Wachs, Professor Emeritus. Urban Transportation Planning , Transportation Economics and Finance, Ethics in Planning.
Research Profile

William C. Webster, Professor Emeritus. Nonlinear coupled motions of offshore structures, operations research, shallow-water wave mechanics .
Research Profile

Edward L. Wilson, Professor Emeritus. Computational mechanics, civil and environmental engineering, systems, numerical methods, analysis and design, large structural, field testing of structures .
Research Profile

Contact Information

Civil and Environmental Engineering

760 Davis Hall

Phone: 510-642-3261

Fax: 510-643-5264

aao@ce.berkeley.edu

Visit Department Website

Civil and Environmental Engineering

Academic Affairs Office

750 Davis Hall

Phone: 510-643-6640

aao@ce.berkeley.edu

Vice Chair for Graduate Studies

Tina Chow

760 Davis Hall

tinakc@berkeley.edu

Graduate Advisor

Shelley Okimoto

750 Davis Hall

Phone: 510-643-8944

Fax: 510-643-5264

okimoto@ce.berkeley.edu

Graduate Advisor

Felicia Bautista

750 Davis Hall

Phone: 510-643-1713

Fax: 510-643-5264

fbautista3@berkeley.edu

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